From Final Polls To Final Results

by: Chris Bowers

Tue Feb 19, 2008 at 13:06


Obama holds an 8% lead in the final Wisconsin polling average. In an attempt to try and gauge the solidity of that lead, I produced the following table showing the shift from the final polls to the final results in every state that has held a primary or caucus and featured a pre-election poll in 2008 (all of the final polling averages are my own, published in the nomination at a glance series):

2008 Candidate Performance From Final Polls To Final Results
State Final Poll Margin Final Popular Margin Shift
Iowa Obama +2% Obama +8% Obama +6%
New Hampshire Obama +7% Clinton +2% Clinton +9%
Nevada Clinton +4% Clinton +6% Clinton +2%
South Carolina Obama +12% Obama +28% Obama +16%
Florida Clinton +22% Clinton +17% Obama +5%
Alabama Clinton +1% Obama +14% Obama +15%
Arizona Clinton +4% Clinton +9% Clinton +5%
Arkansas Clinton +40% Clinton +44%% Clinton +4%
California Clinton +2% Clinton +9% Clinton +7%
Colorado Obama +2% Obama +35% Obama +33%
Connecticut Clinton +4% Obama +4% Obama +8%
Delaware Clinton +2% Obama +10% Obama +12%
Georgia Obama +16% Obama +36% Obama +20%
Illinois Obama +29% Obama +32% Obama +3%
Massachusetts Clinton +7% Clinton +15% Clinton +8%
Minnesota Clinton +7% Obama +34% Obama +41%
Missouri Clinton +4% Obama +1% Obama +5%
New Jersey Clinton +7% Clinton +10% Clinton +3%
New Mexico Obama +6% Clinton +1% Clinton +7%
New York Clinton +17% Clinton +17% Even
Oklahoma Clinton +26% Clinton +24% Obama +2%
Tennessee Clinton +15% Clinton +13% Obama +2%
Utah Obama +24% Obama +18% Clinton +6%
Washington Obama +13% Obama +37% Obama +24%
Utah Obama +24% Obama +18% Clinton +6%
D.C. Obama +36% Obama +51% Obama +15%
Maryland Obama +20% Obama +23% Obama +3%
Virginia Obama +18% Obama +29% Obama +11%

Obama has gained from the final poll to the final result in 17 of the 28 states with pre-election polls, while Clinton has gained in 10 and the margin was perfectly accurate in one more. Generally speaking, the less polled a state was, the older polls of the state were, whether or not there was an ARG poll of the state, and whether or not the state was a caucus appears to be the cause for virtually all of this polling error. Obama wildly outperformed the polls in caucus states such as Colorado, Minnesota and Washington, each of which only had one poll that was more than a week old. However, he also outperformed the polls by double digits in primary states like Alabama, Delaware, D.C., Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia. By contrast, Clinton has never outperformed the polls by more than 10%, although she did do quite well in California, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New Mexico.

Given this data, it appears that a Clinton victory in Wisconsin would be even less likely than her victory in New Hampshire. Obama's lead in Wisconsin is slightly larger than his lead was in New Hampshire, and has been more stable over a longer period of time. Further, there just is not the same level of field operations, pro-Clinton early voting, or game changing media event in play. My gut feeling is that Obama wins Wisconsin by about 5-6%, although a victory in the low double-digits is not impossible.

Chris Bowers :: From Final Polls To Final Results

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Bigger turnout favors Obama (0.00 / 0)
The polling has mostly underestimated turn-out for Obama. I go with Obama +12.

Dunno (0.00 / 0)
what to think about this one.  I have a hard time seeing Obama lose.  It would be a complete reversal of everything that we've currently seen, all the trends.

So I'll go with Obama +8.  I don't think he will come out all that far ahead on pledged delegates, but it would be nice if he could increase his lead by 10 tonight.


12 delegate net gain for Obama (4.00 / 1)
Obama will get 56% of delegates in WI for 8 or nine delegate increase and 60% of Hawai'i for 4 more, for a net gain of 12 delegates.

However the win will spell a big drop in popular support for HRC. Look to her losing Texas and a disappointing small net gain from Ohio when that primary comes.

This race is over I think, we are just waiting to see how much damage the 'contest' is doing to the party.

Obama needs a great early evening victory speech, calling for unity and common purpose. Setting forth a vision of the shining city on the hill. (Duh)

He cannot run against Hillary any more. It is time fort Obama to start running against Bush's third term in office.

Change
"We must break up the banks and never again let them get so big that they distort our politics and take down the economy.


[ Parent ]
On Ohio, new poll, Obama closing gap. (0.00 / 0)
Two Weeks to Must-Win Ohio, Clinton 9 Points Atop Obama: In a Democratic Primary for President of the United States in Ohio today, 2/16/08, two weeks till the votes are counted, Hillary Clinton defeats Barack Obama, 52% to 43%, according to a SurveyUSA poll conducted exclusively for WHIO-TV Dayton. But her lead has narrowed. Just one week ago, Clinton held a 17 point lead at 56% to 39%.


http://www.whiotv.com/politics...

From a 17 point lead to a 9 point lead in one week. At that rate, (I know it's not scientific) Obama wins by 7 on The day.

Ohio was the last, last, last firewall for HRC. This kind of drop is significant.

Change
"We must break up the banks and never again let them get so big that they distort our politics and take down the economy.


[ Parent ]
You are right on here (0.00 / 0)
and your other comments as well.

If Obama wins WI and HI, and wins at least delegates in TX and comes close in OH, wins VT and RI, it would seem to be all but over.  

John McCain--He's not who you think he is.


[ Parent ]
It's an open primary. (0.00 / 0)
Aside from New Hampshire, it seems like Obama tends to get an extra boost in states with open primaries, due to the influx of indies/Republicans/college kids, etc., that tend to break in his favor.

We'll see.


Polls and African-American support (4.00 / 1)
Thought about a diary but this'll do as a comment here, I think.

We expect to see both candidates overperform their percent support in the last polls available because undecideds pick a candidate, and for the most part, they have been splitting their votes between Clinton and Obama (favoring Clinton somewhat).

But, looking through exit polls and the data from SUSA and PPP, Clinton actually underperforms in many states - almost all of those states with an African-American electorate of about 30% or more - DE, AL, GA, MD, SC, VA (but not TN).  This is the same list as Chris has above...

Looking closer at the data, we see two reasons for this: the polls overestimate the support of Clinton among African-Americans, and underestimate the turnout of African-Americans.

In the following graphs, if polls were perfect, we would see all the dots fall on the line.  If polls had random error, we would see an equal number of dots on each side of the line.

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Click to enlarge.

The above shows more African-Americans showed up on election day than the pollsters thought, on average, as most of the dots are above the line.

Free Image Hosting at www.ImageShack.us
Click to enlarge.

The above shows, on average, African-Americans gave less support to Clinton than pollsters thought, as most of the dots are below the line.

What does this mean for Wisconsin? Obama could do a point or two better than polls based on the history of polling African-Americans this cycle alone.  PPP polled Wisconsin, so we will know tomorrow.  However, a swing towards Clinton in other demographic groups could offset this advantage.


I'm not sure your numbers bear you out (0.00 / 0)
That's an interesting analysis, and thanks for doing it. But it looks the statistics don't bear out your conclusions very well. Just looking at your scatter plots, it looks like the p-values for your conclusions are in the 0.25 range or so. Not very strong.

The truth about Saxby Chambliss

[ Parent ]
Hmm, I probably stated the case too strongly. (4.00 / 1)
Thank you for your criticism.  Folks, pay attention: I should have put more modifiers in the original post.  The data are suggestive, but not strongly conclusive.

But one thing I didn't show is the regression of Clinton's underperformance (or overperformance) versus percent African-American voters, which has R2 value of 0.56 - pretty decent.


[ Parent ]
Interesting (0.00 / 0)
Just did a back-of-the-envelope calculation, diving the above data into three groups: pre-2/5, 2/5, and post-2/5. My theory is that his rate of outperforming the polls has been increasing through time.

And it's correct. The pre-2/5 average is Obama +3.2; the 2/5 average is Obama +5.6 and the post 2/5 average is Obama +9.7.

It's obviously not statistically significant given the low number of observations but it suggests that he has been doing better and better as the process has continued.

Based on this, and a gazillion other factors, I'll go Obama +14.


Also, (0.00 / 0)
The leader in the final polls has won the actual vote 22 of 28 times, Obama faltering only in NH and NM.  Clinton lost the outcome when leading in the polls 4 times.  But generally, it seems that numbers break in favor of the person already ahead in the state.

caucus variation is to be expected (0.00 / 0)
It makes sense that caucuses would have a lot of variation because the percentages are actually the percentage of delegates to the state convention won rather than the raw popular vote.

Wisconsin Win (0.00 / 0)
Well based on this graph, Hillary could still squeak out a win of around 2%(gaining 10% over the weekend) with people suddenly getting cold feet. But Obama has won 8 in a row convincingly - so I don't think people feel they are going out on limb the way they did in N.H. So I don't expect that kind of reversal. On the other hand, there was also a reversal in N.M. But there she only jumped plus 7% which get her a slim loss here.  

My Comments (0.00 / 0)
1. I think it should be noted that many of the states that Obama heavily over performed were states with large black populations. This shows that either the pollsters are doing a bad job predicting the turnout of blacks or the blacks aren't being entirely truthful. Perhaps with a black man on the ticket, they're coming out to the polls in greater numbers than they have in the past. Also, there could be a different kind of reverse Wilder effect going on, whereby the blacks tell the person on the phone that they're going to vote for the white person, but then when they get into the voting booth, they switch.

2. The opposite is happening in largely hispanic states. California, New Mexico and Arizona all broke for Clinton.

3. Standard deviation might add something to the table. In South Carolina the polls varied tremendously, while in Virginia, they all basically showed the same thing.


awesome work - one suggestion (0.00 / 0)
there is one part of the data that is not clear from this, and that is when the polls not just underestimated the victory, but where predicting a victory for the other candidate. it would be cool to see those cases, like Newhampture colored red or some other color so we could see those distinct from those that unpredicting the victor but still picked the right winner.

Michael Bloomberg, prince of corporate welfare

GoBama!!! (0.00 / 0)
I hope your projections turn out to be correct!

My sense is that more and more folks are starting to become dis-illusioned with the slame old "slick and tired"paradigms.

The way that Obama is expanding the base of the Democratic party is exciting; I pray he's rewarded with the nomination.

Clinton had this sewed up a year ago; all she had to do was to admit being conned into an erroneous vote, get really tough on Bush and his enablers, and adopt a genuinely populist message; she did neither...and, thereby, left herself open/vulnerable to the appeals of Edwards and Obama.

I hope that the recent negative campaigning doesn't blunt the turnouts or turn off the Obama "new blood".


early voting (0.00 / 0)
It would also be interesting to see which of these states had early voting. The early voting would not be subject to the late swings that happened in several states, notably California.






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